1. INTRODUCTION

        -       UST -modality using high-frequency sound waves (1–3 MHz).

        -       Produces thermal and non-thermal effects.

        -       Helps in pain relief, healing, and tissue repair.

2. USES / EFFECTS

Thermal Effects

        -       ↑ Tissue temperature

        -       ↓ Pain & muscle spasm

        -       ↑ Blood flow

        -       ↑ Tissue extensibility

Non-Thermal Effects

        -       Cavitation & micro-streaming

        -       ↑ Cell membrane permeability

        -       ↑ Healing response

        -       Enhances drug delivery (phonophoresis)

3. INDICATIONS

        -       Tendinitis / Tendinopathy

        -       Bursitis

        -       Muscle strain / tears

        -       Ligament sprain

        -       Myofascial pain

        -       Plantar fasciitis

        -       Joint contracture / restricted ROM

        -       Scar tissue, adhesions

        -       Chronic inflammatory conditions

4. CONTRAINDICATIONS

        -       Malignant tumors

        -       Over pregnant uterus

        -       Active infection

        -       Thrombophlebitis / DVT

        -       Over eyes / reproductive organs

        -       Over electronic implants (pacemaker area)

        -       Over epiphyseal growth plates (children – high intensity)

        -       Over fractures (except low-intensity pulsed)

5. RISK FACTORS / SIDE EFFECTS

        -       Burns if head not moved

        -       Tissue overheating

        -       Increased pain from high intensity

        -       Skin irritation from gel (rare)

        -       Cavitation injury (improper technique)

6. PRECAUTIONS

        -       Keep sound head moving continuously

        -       Use correct frequency:

o    1 MHz = deep tissues

o    3 MHz = superficial tissues

        -       Use pulsed mode for acute conditions

        -       Use continuous mode for chronic conditions

        -       Avoid bony prominences with high intensity

        -       Monitor patient’s sensation and pain

        -       Always use adequate coupling medium (gel)

MUHAMMED THUFAIL T
Physiotherapist
Dr. P. Alikutty's Ayurveda and Modern Hospital - Kottakkal